Guidance comes from Robert Hoberman (personal correspondence). This seems to be generally associate of Jewish languages away from a great many other locations of this part also, and Aqra and you will Rawanduz.
not, in this dialect there is a very strange transform out of h to h regarding third people singular possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’
Azerbaijan (Azer): What of Jews away from Iranian Azerbaijan, together with groups during the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you may Yuksekova. Data is out of Garbell (1965).
Halabja (Hala): What of your own Jews out of Halabja towards Iran-Iraq edging. This is extremely close to the Jewish languages of your own most other cities of your own region, together with Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and Panjwin. Information is inspired by my personal notes.
We’re going to contrast these types of languages for twenty-four phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and lexical standards. Following Hetzron (1976, 98), i have picked just designs because requirements to possess classification. You will find chose an excellent disproportionate quantity of morphological standards, therefore should provide them with unique pounds, again after the Hetzron, however, almost every other mutual designs will be considered as better.
Mention plus the much harder conservation as well as insertion out-of inside Koy Sanjaq stated by the Hoberman (1985)
As we evaluate the languages from NENA we’re going to try to dictate this new the amount that the latest dialects show a definite development which is different from Turoyo and you can Mandaic. Meanwhile, we’ll get a hold of bundles regarding isoglosses within NENA.
(1) Worry can be penultimate in most brand new NA dialects, plus Turoyo and you may Mandaic yet not from the three easternmost Jewish dialects, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you can Halabja, which worry the past syllable. Such dialects seem, like this, such as a lot more (Garbell 1965), to exhibit an unusually strong influence out-of Kurdish.
(2) Every NENA languages features matched h and you may x. Within the Hertevin the result is h, and you will everywhere more it is x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you can dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]an effective ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and you will +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)
Each other Turoyo and you can Mandaic keep separate h and you can x. Particular NENA languages keeps reintroduced h as a borrowing away from Kurdish or Arabic or out of Classical Syriac otherwise Hebrew.(5) However, this new passed down code consistently suggests x. For example, inside Tisqopa there are lent Arabic terms, such as for instance sahabi ‘friend’, that have h, but passed on terminology such as for instance laxma ‘bread’ consistently inform you x. (6)
(3) All of the NENA dialects but Hertevin and you may Zakho have lost most times off passed on. Particularly, inside Aradhin we discover arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ equal to Syriac arb a great and you will afra. From inside the Hertevin and in Zakho, inherited was continuously ?: Hertevin so?an effective ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?la ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you may Alon 1979, 189). In several other languages most are kept as ?, and you may, regarding the other people, is finished completely. Some languages has actually reintroduced lent out of Arabic otherwise Kurdish. Like, Halabja has actually ayza ‘good’.
(4) Into the prior to dialects out of Aramaic, as with Tiberian Hebrew, t turned into [Theta] after a great vowel. Which alternation has been lexicalized within the NENA, which have both t otherwise [Theta] spread because of entire paradigms, if preceded because of the a beneficial vowel or otherwise not. Such as for example, when you look at the Aradhin this new verb ‘come’ presently has [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, but also [Theta]e:los angeles ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). After that, in some languages the phoneme [Theta] has actually been through most transform. In a number of dialects [Theta] provides matched back again to t, and also in someone else it has become s otherwise l.(7) In a single dialect, Jilu, it has become h and been removed but on beginning of a phrase. The 3 easternmost Jewish languages express the stunning change out of [Theta] to 1. The results of them transform is seen in the keyword ‘house’ and this looks in various dialects as getting:[Thetan excellent]a good (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and you can besa (Sanandaj Religious).